This month, Railfan & Railroad focuses its attention on rail transit. From commuter rail to subway trains, from the high iron to the city street, these are operations that push back against stereotypes and received wisdom about the nature of North American railways. These trains are relatively short, almost entirely urban and suburban, and they thrive not on cargo, but on passengers.
Make no mistake, on this continent, freight railroading still accounts for the majority of railway tonnage and revenues. According to the Association of American Railroads, in the U.S. alone, more than 1.5 billion tons of raw materials and finished goods move by rail every year. Drive to the nearest main line, and you are likely to see examples abound — hulking diesels pulling hundreds of cars filled with everything from raw lumber to crude oil, from finished automobiles to home appliances. But if you wait by that track, the odds are high you’ll never see a passenger train. Sure, some lines might host an Amtrak train once a day, maybe more in a few places, but standing by the average high iron, it would be forgivable to assume that passenger travel is no longer an important part of the North American railway story.
Yet in our major cities, passenger trains never went away, and if anything, have grown in the extent and intensity of their services. In this issue, we take a look at the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority’s Red Line rapid transit serving Boston, as well as New York’s enduring Long Island Rail Road. The former traces its roots to 1912, and has since expanded to serve Boston’s northern and southern near-suburbs, while the latter is approaching two centuries old, chartered in the 1830s and has since become a vital link between the vast bedroom communities on the island and New York City. There was, in short, never a time when it was possible for cities such as Boston or New York to function without significant passenger rail. What was true here was often true in other major cities — places like Philadelphia, Chicago, or San Francisco — all of which depend on some form of rail-based transportation to move people into, around, and through their urban fabric.
Moreover, for the last half-century, urban passenger rail has been on a general growth trend. Bay Area Rapid Transit’s first line opened in 1972, while the first branch of the new San Diego Trolley — actually a modern light rail system — opened in 1981. Numerous other new lines followed, from Seattle to Dallas, Buffalo to Albuquerque, Pittsburgh to Houston. There are now more new rail services than ever.
While most of these newer systems have been successful, many challenges remain. Urban systems are closely linked with the fabric and health of the cities they serve. Following the decline of the steel industry and shift in the economy, Pittsburgh’s commuter rail operations came to an end in 1985 (Pittsburgh & Lake Erie) and 1989 (PATrain). With their narrow focus on conventional, 9-to-5 service, many commuter lines saw dramatic ridership losses after the 2020 pandemic, when many employees shifted to working remotely and never looked back. The Twin Cities’ Northstar service is a potent example, but so too are systems around the country, from Chicago’s Metra to the New York City subway, which — though still heavily used — remain below pre-pandemic ridership levels. Then comes the issue of subsidies, which are tied to ridership and tax revenue, forcing many agencies into difficult conversations about their future.
Despite such challenges, it remains true that most North American cities depend to some degree on passenger rail. Be it a humble streetcar or a vast subway network, a low-density commuter train operating over a freight line, or a fast and frequent light rail system built on an exclusive right-of-way, it is undeniable that passenger railroading has never stopped being an important part of the North American railway landscape.
—Alexander Benjamin Craghead is a transportation historian, photographer, artist, and author.
